






Por Rhina Guidos
Catholic News Service
SAN SALVADOR, El Salvador (CNS) — La imagen de Jesús, esposado y con ojos vendados en las procesiones de Semana Santa aquí, entró muy cerca en el corazón de Gabriela Rivas. Como muchas mujeres en El Salvador, Rivas pasó la Semana Santa buscando ayuda para su esposo, detenido sin causa, dijo, por autoridades el 10 de abril, Domingo de Ramos.
“No sabemos en qué condición está, no tenemos acceso a nada, no hay comunicación, no hay visitas”, y no hay forma de sacarlo de la carcel, dijo Rivas, una madre católica de dos hijos, en una entrevista el 15 de abril con Catholic News Service.
El esposo de Rivas es uno de los más de 12,000 salvadoreños que el gobierno ha detenido desde el 27 de marzo, el día en que legisladores aprobaron una ley de emergencia que facilitó las detenciones en el país centroamericano, una medida necesaria, dijeron las autoridades, para combatir la violencia de las pandillas tras un fin de semana que cobró un número récord de homicidios a finales de marzo.
“Más de 12,000 terroristas capturados en solo 21 días”, tuiteó el presidente salvadoreño Nayib Bukele el 15 de abril.
Pero Rivas dijo que su esposo no era terrorista ni pandillero. Era un motorista que intentaba ganarse el pan de cada día para sostener a su familia cuando el gobierno lo detuvo injustamente usando la ley de emergencia.
La medida suspende por 30 días libertades constitucionales, como el derecho de reunión, debido proceso, privacidad en las comunicaciones, y amenaza con detener a presuntos “colaboradores” de pandillas.
Muchos en el país centroamericano de alrededor de 6 millones han aplaudido las detenciones, algunas que han salido en la cuenta de Twitter del presidente con fotos de algunos de los detenidos con tatuajes afiliados a pandillas. Pero recientemente, Marvin Reyes, representante del Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Policía de El Salvador, dijo a las agencias de noticias en una conferencia de prensa que los policías han sido presionados para dar “falsas declaraciones” para cumplir con una cuota de detenciones.
Rivas cree que eso fue lo que le sucedió a su esposo, quien no tiene antecedentes penales ni afiliación con pandillas. Era solo un número para complacer una cuota, cree ella.
“Un oficial me dijo a mí de que era por las amistades que él tenía”, dijo, y piensa que se inventó la acusación, señalando a su esposo como un colaborador de pandillas sin tener pruebas.
Bukele reconoció a través de Twitter la probabilidad del “1%” de que algunas personas inocentes puedan ser detenidas bajo las detenciones masivas, sin embargo, organismos que velan por los derechos humanos en el país consideran que el porcentaje es más alto.
Entre las detenciones cuestionables más notables existe un incidente del 9 de abril que involucró a cuatro baristas capturados cuando se dirigían a su casa después de un turno. Las autoridades los fotografiaron esposados, con el uniforme de una cafetería popular donde trabajaban, subieron sus fotos a Twitter, identificaron a los jóvenes como pandilleros diciendo que el dinero de las propinas provenía de actividades ilegales. Sin embargo, tras protestas públicas, fueron liberados.
El periódico El Diario de Hoy también informó el 11 de abril del caso de un salvadoreño que estaba de visita en El Salvador desde EE.UU. con su sobrino, un menor de edad de Virginia. Ambos fueron detenidos cuando la policía allanó un evento donde se recaudaba fondos para una persona que padecía de una deficiencia renal. Amigos y conocidos recurrieron a Twitter para crear conciencia sobre su detención, pero no se sabe si han sido liberados.
Algunos dicen que los agentes de policía han estado yendo de puerta en puerta en algunos de los barrios más pobres del país preguntando cuales residentes tienen tatuajes, ya que los pandilleros los usan para identificarse con un grupo criminal en particular.
Como muchos salvadoreños, Rivas dijo que está harta de las pandillas y de la miseria que han desatado en gran medida sobre los pobres de El Salvador, pero pisotear los derechos básicos de los inocentes para acabar con ellos no está bien, dijo.
“Estamos de acuerdo que el gobierno combata hacia las pandillas pero también estamos de acuerdo que deberían hacer una investigación y que ellos tuvieran una denuncia, decirle ‘miren lo vamos detener por esto’ (antes de llevárselos)…tener su denuncia pero no, aquí no ha habido (debido) proceso”, dijo Rivas.
En una conferencia de prensa el 17 de abril, el arzobispo José Luis Escobar Alas de la Arquidiócesis de San Salvador, comparó las detenciones a una “medicina de mal gusto” diciendo que se habían considerado necesarias para detener el nivel de violencia y dijo que había hablado con “muchas personas” que vieron “esperanza” en lo que estaba pasando.
“He podido platicar con las personas del pueblo, personas que les toca que tomar el bus diariamente o que tienen sus pequeños negocios, etcétera, y la verdad, todas estas personas me han expresado estar de acuerdo, estar contentas, estar agradecidas porque sienten un alivio en su situación. Ahora ya pueden caminar con seguridad”, dijo el arzobispo. “Eso también hay que decirlo y, bueno, hay que decir que la violencia en este país, que este es el verdadero problema”.
La conferencia episcopal de obispos católicos salvadoreños no ha dicho nada al respecto, aunque algunos obispos oraron públicamente por las familias cuyos seres queridos han sido detenidos sin pruebas, y otros, como el cardenal Gregorio Rosa Chávez del país, instaron al gobierno a buscar el diálogo con otros actores en sociedad civil salvadoreña.
Algunos argumentan que las medidas de emergencia se han utilizado para restringir el derecho de la prensa, ya que el presidente y el partido Nuevas Ideas que fundó han atacado a periodistas.
En una declaración del 5 de abril, el secretario de Estado de EE. UU., Antony Blinken, advirtió al gobierno contra algunas de las violaciones de derechos que han sufrido durante la persecución de elementos criminales.
“Las pandillas representan una amenaza para la seguridad nacional de El Salvador y Estados Unidos”, dijo. “Instamos a El Salvador a abordar esta amenaza y al mismo tiempo proteger las libertades civiles vitales, incluida la libertad de prensa, el debido proceso y la libertad de expresión”.
También instó al gobierno salvadoreño a permitir la extradición de ciertos líderes de pandillas en el país “para enfrentar la justicia en los Estados Unidos”, algo que ha sido negado.
El arzobispo Escobar Alas dijo que espera que abogados puedan enderezar cualquier caso que haya involucrado la detención de personas inocentes e instó al gobierno a brindar información a las familias sobre el paradero de sus seres queridos.
Para aquellos como Rivas, sin embargo, el daño ya está hecho. Ha contratado a un abogado, lo que le ha restado dinero a una situación económica ya de por sí precaria para la familia. El abogado le dijo que buscara declaraciones de vecinos, amigos, cualquier persona para que una vez que a su esposo se le permita tener un día en los tribunales, tal vez el apoyo de la comunidad pueda liberarlo, al igual que se liberaron a los baristas. Sus hijos han estado llorando, sus suegros también y ella está preocupada por los estragos económicos que la situación ha desatado en su familia.
“De él dependen dos hijos, él tiene un préstamo en el banco que él tiene que iniciar a pagar”, y aunque ella contribuye al ingreso mensual de la familia, él es quien paga la mayoría de las cuentas mensuales, dijo.
“Él nunca estuvo involucrado en problemas, ni siquiera cuando era joven, y mucho menos ahora que es un adulto con hijos que mantener”, dijo. “Nunca tuvo problemas, ni en su juventud, ni ahora que él ya es adulto. Entonces nos afecta de una manera, o sea, lamentable, pues, porque no esperábamos esto”.
Por David Agren
CHILPANCINGO, México (CNS) — Los jefes del crimen organizado local fueron los primeros en dar la bienvenida al obispo Salvador Rangel Mendoza cuando llegó a la Diócesis de Chilpancingo-Chilapa, a menudo violenta, para su toma de posesión en 2015. Ellos insistieron en partir inmediatamente el pan con el obispo.
“Fue algo accidental”, expresó el obispo Rangel sobre su llegada. “Me dijeron que no tuviera preocupación alguna, que ellos me iban a cuidar como amigos”, recordó. “Lo curioso fue que en vez de haberme ido a recibir el clero (los sacerdotes), me recibieron ellos”.
Dicha comida de bienvenida fue la primera de muchas reuniones con los jefes del crimen organizado en la diócesis, que, situado en el estado de Guerrero, es el centro de producción de heroína de México que ha estado plagado de conflictos con cárteles de droga.
El encuentro marcó el tono de como iba a ser su paso por Chilpancingo, ofreciéndole un adelanto de como él optaría por buscar el diálogo con todos los bandos. Este es un enfoque pastoral que trajo de su puesto anterior como obispo en el estado central de Hidalgo, donde los jefes del crimen organizado que conoció enviaron un par de vehículos para escoltarlo a Guerrero mientras conducía a su toma de posesión. Fueron estos mismos jefes quienes llamaron con anticipación a sus colegas del crimen para que le prepararan una bienvenida.
Sin embargo, esta situación también ha traído controversias y acusaciones. El gobierno del estado de Guerrero lo acusó de aceptar obsequios inapropiados de delincuentes — algo que el obispo niega — y los defensores de derechos humanos expresaron su consternación porque cultiva relaciones con victimarios en lugar de con víctimas de la violencia. Los analistas de seguridad también dicen que el obispo parece haberse acercado más a una organización criminal conocida como Los Ardillos.
A principios de este año, el obispo Rangel presentó su renuncia tras haber cumplido los 75 años, la edad establecida por el derecho canónico para que un obispo presente su renuncia al Santo Padre. Su sucesor, el obispo José de Jesús González Hernández, fue instalado el 19 de abril.
El obispo Rangel niega las acusaciones de cualquier relación adversa o favoritismos. Pero insistió de Los Ardillos: “En su zona no hay secuestros, ni extorsiones, ni asesinatos”.
Un analista de seguridad contactado por Catholic News Service señaló que tales afirmaciones de que los cárteles de droga pacifican las regiones que dominan y son moralmente mejores que sus rivales son comunes y, a menudo, imposibles de verificar.
“Todos los grupos con los que he hablado afirman que no extorsionan, no secuestran, ni matan a personas inocentes”, manifestó Falko Ernst, analista principal de México en International Crisis Group. “Estas afirmaciones, según mi experiencia, nunca están libres de contradicciones”.
Ante las críticas, monseñor Rangel dijo: “Siempre he dicho que los narcotraficantes son personas, tienen sentimientos, y tienen razones del porque actúan”. El obispo agregó que sus acciones se derivan de su vocación franciscana, que implica “acercarse a los enemigos”.
“Hemos trabajado en favor de la paz, eso que me han criticado mucho, del acercamiento a los narcotraficantes, pero ha sido la manera, la manera de lograr la paz en estas tierras”, acotó.
En su tiempo como jefe de la diócesis, el obispo Rangel a menudo aparecía en los titulares de los medios nacionales. Era conocido por hablar con una franqueza poco común entre los obispos católicos, quienes por lo general prefieren no opinar sobre asuntos políticos y de seguridad locales.
Él había criticado a la clase política local y las percepciones de su colusión con los cárteles de droga, diciendo después de las elecciones de Guerrero de 2021: “Ahora el que nos va a gobernar es el narco, no los políticos”.
El obispo Rangel también expresó su decepción con el presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador, quien llegó a su diócesis como candidato a fines de 2017 y prometió una amnistía para quienes están en el negocio de las drogas ilegales.
El obispo apoyó la idea de la amnistía, pero nunca se implementó. Mientras tanto, López Obrador ha impulsado una política de seguridad de “abrazos, no balazos”, lo que ha resultado en menos enfrentamientos entre fuerzas de seguridad y grupos criminales, pero no ha calmado al país, indicó el obispo Rangel.
“El narco está aprovechando esta benevolencia, bondad del gobierno, o cierta debilidad del gobierno”, acotó.
El obispo Rangel llegó en un momento difícil al estado de Guerrero, cuando por un lado había una profunda pobreza en pueblos indígenas aislados y por el otro se encontraba la glamorosa ciudad de Acapulco. Su instalación se produjo poco después del ataque de septiembre de 2014 contra 43 futuros maestros, cuya escuela está en su diócesis — una tragedia en la que nadie sabe qué ocurrió realmente.
Los cárteles de droga también habían comenzado a fragmentarse en Guerrero a medida que los grupos criminales luchaban por la producción y comercialización de amapolas de opio, lo que ayudó a alimentar la crisis de opioides en Estados Unidos.
Sin embargo, los precios de la amapola se desplomaron en un 90 por ciento durante el tiempo del obispo Rangel en Guerrero cuando los cárteles de droga empezaron a producir “china blanca”, que contenía fentanilo, dijo. La situación se tornó tan desesperada para los agricultores pobres — que durante mucho tiempo habían cultivado amapolas de opio para llegar a fin de mes — que la diócesis empezó a organizar colectas de alimentos para la empobrecida zona montañosa.
Hoy en día, dice el obispo Rangel, los cárteles de droga ganan dinero a través de la extorsión y el secuestro y se han apropiado de las arcas de los gobiernos municipales.
A menudo el obispo Rangel ha intervenido en esas disputas, incluyendo algunas que involucran a la Iglesia Católica. Su primera reunión después de ser recibido por los jefes del crimen organizado fue para preguntar sobre las amenazas contra un sacerdote. Más tarde pidió a los jefes del crimen que extorsionaban a la catedral en la diócesis vecina de Tlapa que dejen de hacerlo.
Sin embargo, la relación entre los miembros del cartel de droga y la Iglesia Católica es complicada, especialmente porque los primeros pueden parecer piadosos. Un par de sacerdotes diocesanos fueron asesinados cuando regresaban de un festival de la ciudad en febrero de 2018, un crimen que sigue sin resolverse, pero que se cree que está relacionado con un cártel.
El padre comboniano John Ssenyondo fue asesinado en 2014 y sus restos arrojados a una fosa común. El obispo Rangel dice que el misionero comboniano de Uganda se negó a realizar un bautismo porque consideraba que el padrino, que era un líder de la aldea local, no era apto para el rol.
El obispo Rangel implementó una nueva política de no hacer preguntas sobre bautismos.
“El testigo puede ser de cualquier religión, cualquier ideología” para evitar problemas, dijo, y agregó: “por supuesto que no son los mejores testigos, pero tiene que haber un testigo”.
Él recordó un bautizo especialmente turbulento en el que un capo del crimen con “25 hijos e involucrado con cuatro mujeres, todas ahí”, llevó a un niño a recibir el sacramento.
“¿(En ese caso) qué hago yo?” preguntó. “No veo, no oigo . . .”.
Corazón Ardiente llega a Mississippi
Vírgenes y Santos
Día de la Santísima Cruz, Domingo, mayo 3
Virgen de los Desamparados, Nuestra Señora de
Lujan, Argentina mayo 8
Día de las Madres, mayo 9
Virgen de Fátima, mayo 13
Nuestra Señora de la Evangelización, Perú, mayo 14
San Isidro Labrador, mayo 15
Santa Rita de Casia, Patrona de los Imposibles, mayo 22
Virgen Auxiliadora, mayo 24
Solemnidad de la Ascensión del Señor, mayo 29
Santísima Trinidad, mayo 30
Visitación de la Santísima Virgen María, mayo 31
NATION
FLAT ROCK, Mich. (CNS) – In the year 1300, a priest was celebrating Mass in the convent of O Cebreiro, Spain. Lacking faith in the true presence of Jesus in the sacrament, the priest nevertheless recited the consecration prayers. Suddenly, the host he held in his hand turned into human flesh. Turning to the cup, the priest, incredulous, noticed not wine, but actual human blood. He fell in adoration. The incident, recognized by Pope Innocent VIII as the “Miracle of O Cebreiro,” is one of hundreds of eucharistic miracles in the Catholic Church’s history – incidents in which the supernatural reality of Jesus’ body and blood in the Eucharist became powerfully and physically apparent. The church teaches that the Eucharist is the “source and summit” of the Catholic faith, although a 2019 Pew study found that only one-third of Catholics believe in the Real Presence in the Eucharist. The Real Presence Apostolate of Michigan has been educating Catholics on the Real Presence since 2007 by offering a traveling exhibit about eucharistic miracles – instances in which the literal presence of Jesus’ body and blood in the Eucharist have become physically manifest. The exhibit has 170 panels and all were on display in the vestibule of St. Roch Parish in Flat Rock at the start of Holy Week. Several parishes in the Archdiocese of Detroit hosted the exhibit recently, and its next stop was Grand Rapids, Michigan, April 22-29.
NEW YORK (CNS) – Ukrainian Catholics in New York celebrated Easter with prayers that Christ’s triumph over death will also signify victory over everything evil happening in their home country. Bishop Paul P. Chomnycky of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Stamford, Connecticut, was the main celebrant for the Easter Divine Liturgies April 24 at St. George Ukrainian Catholic Church in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan. The parish celebrates services according to the Julian calendar. On the 60th day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Bishop Chomnycky said the situation there is coloring the whole Easter feast, as a cloud hanging over everything, but there is reason for hope. “In the resurrection, not only did Christ defeat death, but he also defeated violence, evil and mistruth,” he said. He said all Ukrainians are “putting our trust in the resurrected Christ that he will defeat evil in our country.” He also read passages from the Easter message of Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, major archbishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Church. Writing from Kyiv, Archbishop Shevchuk compared the passion of Christ to the war in Ukraine. “We have become aware of how human nature remains fallen, how the devil continues to control human beings who have no God in their hearts. He who sows hatred and instigates war against one’s neighbor opposes the almighty.”
VATICAN
VATICAN CITY (CNS) – In war, especially the current conflict in Ukraine, no one can claim victory, because all of humanity loses, Pope Francis said. During an April 23 meeting with a group of Italian pilgrims commemorating a miraculous image of Mary that wept, the pope said her tears are a sign of God’s compassion as well as his sorrow for humankind’s sins. Mary’s tears are “a sign of God’s weeping for the victims of the war that is destroying not only Ukraine – let’s be brave and tell the truth – it is destroying all the countries involved in the war. All of them.” War, he explained, “not only destroys the people who have been defeated. No, it also destroys the victor. It also destroys those who look at it as superficial news to see who is the winner, who is the loser. War destroys everyone.” More than 3,000 pilgrims took part in the pilgrimage, which coincided with the 500th anniversary of a miracle in which an image depicting Mary at Jesus’ side during the crucifixion shed tears of blood. The tears that Mary shed, as well as the miracles attributed to the image over the centuries, are not only a sign of God’s love for his children but also “Christ’s pain for our sins, for the evil that afflicts humanity.”
WORLD
KINSHASA, Congo (CNS) – A Catholic priest in Congo said Pope Francis will be visiting the country not only to reconcile it, but also to tell the world “about the conflicts that are tearing this country apart.” The announcement of the pope’s July 2-5 visit “sounded like the voice of the angel of the Lord to the poor shepherds in the region of Bethlehem: ‘I bring you good news of great joy, which will be for all the people,’” said Father Georges Kalenga, a member of the planning committee who is also second deputy secretary-general of the Congolese bishops’ conference. Father Kalenga told Catholic News Service that the pope will be visiting to reconcile a people blighted by the evils of “tribalism, regionalism and clientelism, the exclusion of political opponents, practices and discourses that weaken social ties, compromise national cohesion on several levels, particularly on the socio-political level.” Pope Francis will visit Kinshasa, the country’s capital, but he also will travel to Goma, in the east. Father Kalenga said Goma is “the place chosen symbolically for the pope’s meeting with the people who live in the eastern part of the country, bloodied for more than two decades by wars, rapes, massacres and all the other violations of human dignity.”
By Sister Thea Bowman Guild
WASHINGTON – Teddy Reeves, M.Div., Ph.D., curator of religion and co-interim head of the Center for the Study of African American Religious Life for the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) in Washington, DC is delighted to have obtained one of Sister Thea Bowman’s most popular gowns.
Reeves contacted Redemptorist Father Maurice J. Nutt two years ago inquiring if he had an African gown owned by Sister Thea. At the time Father Nutt did not have one of Sister Thea’s gowns in his possession. As fate would have it, months later, Father Nutt was given a very popular gown worn by Sister Thea from Boston College professor emerita, Dr. M. Shawn Copeland.
With Dr. Copeland’s permission, Father Nutt gifted the gown to the NMAAHC as a way of promoting Sister Thea’s life and holiness to a greater audience. Father Nutt noted, “I think that Sister Thea would love being a part of the first national museum honoring the history, culture, and legacy of African Americans. In my estimation, Sister Thea Bowman is African American history and culture!”
The NMAAHC was also given permission by the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration to use pictures of Sister Thea for the future exhibit. The museum is seeking to collect other items and artifacts of Sister Thea to make for a more robust exhibition. There is no date available on when the exhibit will debut.
(If anyone wishes to donate items belonging to Sister Thea Bowman to the Smithsonian exhibit contact Father Maurice Nutt at maurice.nutt@jacksondiocese.org. For more information on the Cause for Servant of God Sister Thea Bowman or to donate to the cause, visit www.sistertheabowman.com.)
By Peter Finney Jr.
NEW ORLEANS (CNS) – The founder of an internet safety initiative warned Catholic school teachers and administrators April 20 about the appeal and impact of social media on today’s students.
Chris McKenna, founder of Protect Young Eyes (www.protectyoungeyes.com), told participants at the annual conference of the National Catholic Educational Association in New Orleans that the world has changed for children because digital technology has been designed slickly to grab kids’ attention and keep them hooked.
He said the ubiquity of online pornography and the sophisticated algorithms used by social media platforms to lure children and teens into inauthentic relationships with strangers and also encourage comparison envy have created unprecedented emotional challenges that can actually harm the brain.
“Please try not to start another conversation, ‘When I was a kid …’ because if TikTok existed when you were a kid, you would’ve been addicted, too,” said McKenna, a father of four.
Contrary to the common wisdom that kids are “resilient,” McKenna said that while children with developing brains are “incredibly adaptive,” the bottom line is that “trauma is trauma.”
“We live in a time, with digital doorways everywhere, where the opportunities for trauma to our young people are more prevalent than ever,” he said, noting that the digital pornography today is of a type far removed from the “2D” pornography of the 1970s.
While adolescents searching for their identity formerly found answers in family, friends and the church, McKenna said the digital world has multiplied places to turn for advice by a thousand.
“The brain operates according to a very simple principle: Whatever I feed my precious brain is what it learns to love, especially before age 16, and this is exactly when we give them all of their technology,” he said.
The technology of platforms such as YouTube – the most popular app with kids – TikTok, Snapchat and Instagram know the adolescent brain “full well.”
Snapchat does something very enticing to grab kids’ attention: A feature called “Snapstreak” provides additional rewards for keeping a daily chat going with another user.
McKenna said Snapchat developers have “figured out” that breaking the streak causes stress, and “if I’m a young person, I’m stressed out about losing that streak.” A hormone released inside the brain nudges the teen to release that stress by returning to the “safety” of Snapchat.
TikTok’s algorithm, McKenna said, “is like nothing else I have experienced on earth.” He said he found himself unconsciously intrigued by a video of a woman harvesting bees and he watched related videos for 90 minutes.
“Here’s how the dopamine system works inside TikTok – your feed studies you. Every twitch is a signal to that algorithm, and then it starts to feed you the most addictive form of that content so that you scroll endlessly. Anything that’s long – especially sitting in a classroom – is boring.”
McKenna said a Facebook whistleblower offered information that its sister platform, Instagram, was known to be “toxic to teen girls” who post “perfect” selfies and then get little response.
McKenna said there are some teens for whom social media can actually be a benefit because they can engage with others who have similar challenges or disabilities. Thus, measuring the overall impact of social media remains “complicated,” he said.
One thing is certain: Gone are the days when some of the worst moments of teenage life in dealing with adversaries are gone and forgotten within a few hours.
“When I was growing up, there were safe places,” he said. “When I got off the bus, I was safe. They couldn’t get to me anymore. If something dramatic happened at the football game, by the time Monday rolled around, it kind of fizzled away.”
“All of the things that used to create a reset for trauma when we were growing up are all of the things that accelerate trauma today,” he continued. “When kids go home, it’s shared, all weekend long. All summer long it gets shared. Imagine a world where social comparison impacts your self-worth.”
One of McKenna’s remedies is to delay kids’ use of social media.
“It’s not ‘no tech’ – we don’t want kids to be bubble-wrapped – but it’s ‘slow tech,’” he said.
Finney is executive editor/general manager of the Clarion Herald, newspaper of the Archdiocese of New Orleans.
By Cindy Wooden
VATICAN CITY (CNS) – Nine years after taking office, Pope Francis promulgated his constitution reforming the Roman Curia, a project he began with his international College of Cardinals shortly after taking office in 2013.
“Praedicate Evangelium” (“Preach the Gospel”), which was published only in Italian by the Vatican March 19, will go into effect June 5, the feast of Pentecost.
Merging some congregations and pontifical councils and raising the status of others – particularly the charitable office of the papal almoner – Pope Francis said he hoped the constitution would ensure that the offices of the Vatican fulfill their mission in helping promote the church as a community of missionary disciples, sharing the Gospel and caring for all those in need.
Part of that effort, he wrote, requires including more laypeople in Curia leadership positions.
“This new apostolic constitution proposes to better harmonize the present exercise of the Curia’s service with the path of evangelization that the church, especially in this season, is living,” the pope wrote in the document.
To emphasize the importance of the church’s missionary nature, in the new constitution Pope Francis specified that he is the prefect of the Dicastery for Evangelization; he will be assisted by a “pro-prefect” for “basic questions regarding evangelization in the world” and a “pro-prefect” for “the first evangelization and the new particular churches,” those previously supported by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.
In a similar way, until 1968, the popes were prefects of what became the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
“Pastor Bonus” began its description of the doctrinal congregation’s responsibility saying, “The proper duty of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is to promote and safeguard the doctrine on faith and morals in the whole Catholic world; so, it has competence in things that touch this matter in any way.”
The new constitution begins its description by saying, “The task of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith is to assist the Roman pontiff and the bishops-eparchs in the proclamation of the Gospel throughout the world, promoting and safeguarding the integrity of Catholic doctrine on faith and morals, drawing on the deposit of faith and also seeking an ever deeper understanding of it in the face of new questions.”
The new constitution does away with the previous distinctions between “congregations” and “pontifical councils,” referring to all of them simply as “dicasteries.”
In addition to creating the Dicastery for the Service of Charity in place of the almoner’s office, the constitution merges the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and the Pontifical Council for Promoting New Evangelization into the new Dicastery for Evangelization, and it merges the Congregation for Catholic Education and the Pontifical Council for Culture into the new Dicastery for Culture and Education.
“Praedicate Evangelium” replaces St. John Paul II’s 1988 constitution, “Pastor Bonus,” but, unlike it, does not reserve the leadership of certain offices only to cardinals and bishops, although the individual statutes of those offices may make such a specification.
However, Pope Francis wrote in the document that offices that have “their own statutes and laws shall observe them only insofar as they are not opposed to the present apostolic constitution and shall propose their adaptation for the approval of the Roman pontiff as soon as possible.”
Insisting that every Christian is “a missionary disciple,” the constitution said, the reform of the Curia also needed to “provide for the involvement of laymen and women, including in roles of governance and responsibility.”
The participation of laypeople “is indispensable, because they cooperate for the good of the whole church and, because of their family life, their knowledge of social realities and their faith that leads them to discover God’s paths in the world, they can make valid contributions, especially when it comes to the promotion of the family and respect for the values of life and creation, the Gospel as leaven for temporal realities and the discernment of the signs of the times.”
Describing the personnel of the offices, the constitution said the leadership, “as far as possible, shall come from the different regions of the world so that the Roman Curia may reflect the universality of the church.”
They can be clergy, religious or laypeople “who are distinguished by appropriate experience, knowledge confirmed by suitable qualifications, virtue and prudence. They should be chosen according to objective and transparent criteria and have an adequate number of years of experience in pastoral activities.”
Pope Francis described the reform of the Curia as part of the “missionary conversion” of the church, a renewal movement aimed at making it reflect more “the image of Christ’s own mission of love.”
He also linked it to the ongoing process of promoting “synodality,” a sense of the shared responsibility of all baptized Catholics for the life and mission of the church.
True communion among all Catholics, he said, “gives the church the face of synodality; a church, that is, of mutual listening in which each one has something to learn: the faithful people, the College of Bishops (and) the bishop of Rome listening to the other, and all listening to the Holy Spirit, the spirit of truth.”
Addressing one of the main concerns expressed by bishops around the world in the past, the constitution said, “The Roman Curia does not stand between the pope and the bishops, but rather places itself at the service of both in ways that are proper to the nature of each.”
Pope Francis wrote that in reorganizing the Curia, he wanted to promote a “healthy decentralization” that would, at the same time, promote “co-responsibility” and communion with the bishops and among the Vatican offices.
The Curia, he said, should support individual bishops in their mission as pastors as well as the work of bishops’ conferences and synods of Eastern Catholic bishops.
Because “the face of Christ” is reflected in the faces of his disciples, the document said, members of the Roman Curia should be “distinguished by their spiritual life, good pastoral experience, sobriety of life and love for the poor, spirit of communion and service, competence in the matters entrusted to them, and the ability to discern the signs of the times.”
In the ordering of the Roman Curia, the Secretariat of State maintains its position of leadership and coordination, but the new Dicastery for Evangelization is placed above the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith.
The description of the organization of the doctrinal dicastery includes changes announced by Pope Francis in February, creating separate doctrinal and disciplinary sections, reflecting the growing importance of the office that investigates allegations of clerical sexual abuse and the abuse of office by bishops or religious superiors.
The constitution places the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors “within the dicastery” and says “its task is to provide the Roman pontiff with advice and consultancy and to propose the most appropriate initiatives for the protection of minors and vulnerable people.
Cardinal Seán P. O’Malley of Boston, president of the commission and a member of the Council of Cardinals that drafted the constitution, said, “For the first time, Pope Francis has made safeguarding and the protection of minors a fundamental part of the structure of the church’s central government.”
“Linking the commission more closely with the work of the new Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith represents a significant move forward in upgrading the place and mandate of the commission, which can only lead to a stronger culture of safeguarding throughout the Curia and the entire church,” he said in a statement March 19.
By Junno Arocho Esteves
VATICAN CITY (CNS) – Young people should not allow the darkness of fear to overwhelm them and instead allow the light of Easter to illuminate their lives and give them courage, Pope Francis said.
Fears “must be brought to light. And when fears, which are in darkness, come into the light, the truth bursts out. Do not be discouraged: If you are afraid, put it to the light and it will do you good!” the pope told thousands of young men and women gathered in St. Peter’s Square.
The April 18 event, titled “Seguimi” (“Follow Me”), was organized by the Italian bishops’ conference and brought young teens from all of Italy for a prayer vigil in Rome. While initial projections expected 57,000 people at the event, the Vatican said an estimated 100,000 young people were present.
It was the first large-scale gathering of its kind in St. Peter’s Square since the COVID-19 pandemic shuttered all public events in the country in 2020.
After riding around and greeting the crowd on his popemobile, Pope Francis welcomed them and said the “square has long been waiting to be filled with your presence, your faces, and your enthusiasm.”
“Today, all of you are together, coming from Italy, in the embrace of this square and in the joy of the Easter that we have just celebrated,” he said.
However, the pope said that although Jesus’ resurrection “conquered the darkness of death,” there are still dense clouds “that darken our time.”
“In addition to the pandemic, Europe is experiencing a terrible war, while injustices and violence continue in many regions of the earth that destroy humankind and the planet,” he said. “Often it is your peers who pay the highest price: Not only is their existence compromised and made insecure, but their dreams for the future are trampled on. Many brothers and sisters are still waiting for the light of Easter.”
Reflecting on a Gospel reading from St. John, in which the risen Christ appears to his disciples while they were fishing on the Sea of Galilee, the pope said young people, like the disciples, can experience moments in life that “put us to the test” and “make us feel naked, helpless and alone.”
In those times of uncertainty, he continued, young people must not keep to themselves, because “fears must be said, fears must be expressed in order to be able to drive them away.”
“Darkness puts us in crisis; but the problem lies in how we manage this crisis,” the pope explained. “If I keep it only for myself, for my heart, and I don’t talk about it with anyone, it doesn’t work. In times of crisis, you have to talk, talk with the friend who can help, with your dad, your mom, your grandfather, your grandmother, with a person who can help. Crises must be illuminated to overcome them.”
He also encouraged the young men and women present to not be afraid of life and all that it entails but instead to be afraid “of the death of the soul, of the death of the future, of the closure of the heart.”
“Life is beautiful, life is meant to be lived and to give it to others; life is meant to be shared with others, not to close it in on itself,” he said.
Like children who call on their mother when in need, Pope Francis said Christians can call upon Mary who, in her adolescence, “accepted her extraordinary vocation to be the mother of Jesus.”
“May Our Lady – the mother who was almost your age when she received the angel’s announcement and became pregnant with him – teach you to say: ‘Here I am!’” the pope said.
(Follow Arocho on Twitter: @arochoju)